IELTS WRITING TASK 1 - SIMON - Cách khai triển ý

     The graph below shows changes in young adult unemployment rates in England between 1993 and 2012.

     Introduction:

     The line graph compares levels of unemployment among 16 to 24-year-olds with overall unemployment figures over a period of 20 years in England.

     Overview

     It is clear that the proportion of young adults who were unemployed at any time between 1993 and 2012 was significantly higher than the overall proportion of adults without work. Unemployment rates for both groups of adults were consistently higher in London than in the rest of England.

     "Details" paragraphs

In 1993, around 18% of English 16 to 24-year-olds living outside London were unemployed, but the figure for those living in the capital was 5% higher, at 22%. Similarly, the overall adult unemployment rate in London, at 14%, was 4% higher than the rate in the rest of England. While levels of joblessness fell significantly over the following 10 years, the trend for higher levels in London and among young adults continued .

Young adult unemployment in England rose dramatically between 2002 and 2012, from 12% to 21% outside London, and from around 15% to a peak of 25% in the capital. By contrast, the proportions of all adults without work remained below 10%, both in London and in the rest of the country.

KINH NGHIỆM RÚT RA TRONG CÁCH TRIỂN KHAI Ý CỦA SIMON:

 Bài biểu đồ đường chia ra theo vừa vùng vừa độ tuổi (2 yếu tố so sánh)

- Đoạn văn mở đầu: Giới thiệu biểu đồ chỉ phân theo 1 yếu tố duy nhất (VD: Độ tuổi -> Biểu đồ đường so sánh mức độ thất nghiệp ở những người có độ tuổi từ 16 đến 24 tuổi với con số thất nghiệp nói chung suốt thời kỳ 20 năm ở Anh.)

- Đoạn văn tổng quan: So sánh theo 2 yếu tổ so sánh, nêu ra 2 ý chính (VD: 1 câu so sánh theo độ tuổi và 1 câu so sánh theo vùng riêng biệt -> Rất rõ ràng là tỷ lệ thanh thiếu niên những người mà thất nghiệp bất kỳ lúc nào từ năm 1993 đến năm 2012 là cao hơn một cách nổi bật so với tỷ lệ chung những người trưởng thành không có việc làm. Tỷ lệ thất nghiệp cho cả 2 nhóm người trưởng thành ở London là cao hơn hoàn toàn so với phần còn lại của nước Anh)

- 2 đoạn văn chi tiết: Đoạn văn thứ nhất (Chọn mốc thời gian ở năm đầu tiên) thực hiện so sánh chéo (VD: kết hợp vừa theo độ tuổi vừa theo vùng -> Trong năm 1993, khoảng 18% những người Anh trong độ tuổi 16 đến 24 sống ngoài London thất nghiệp, nhưng con số cho những người sống ở thủ đô là cao hơn 5%, ở mức 22%. Tương tự như thế, tỷ lệ người trưởng thành thất nghiệp ở London, ở mức 14%, là cao hơn 4% so với tỷ lệ ở phần còn lại của nước Anh. Trong khi đó tỷ lệ thất nghiệp giảm đột ngột trong suốt 10 năm sau đó, xu hướng về mức độ cao hơn ở London và giữa những người trưởng thành vẫn tiếp diễn)

Đoạn văn thứ hai (Chọn 1 năm nổi bật và năm cuối cùng) vẫn thực hiện so sánh chéo như đoạn 1 (Tỷ lệ thất nghiệp ở thanh thiếu niên ở Anh tăng đột ngột giữa năm 2002 và năm 2012, từ 12% đến 21% những vùng ngoài London, và từ 15% đến đỉnh 25% ở thủ đô. Trái ngược với nó, tỷ lệ tất cả những người trưởng thành tất nghiệp vẫn dưới 10% ở cả London và vùng còn lại của quốc gia này)

HY VỌNG CÁC BẠN SẼ THẤY BÀI ĐĂNG NÀY HỮU ÍCH! CHÚC CÁC BẠN SỚM CHINH PHỤC ĐƯỢC KỲ THI IELTS CỦ CHUỐI! ;)

IELTS Writing - Adverbial Clause

Example: 

- Before reaching the highest point, the price of gold declines dramatically. (Before + Ving, S + V + adv)

- After a quick rise, the amount of meat imported into Vietnam stays unchanged/(remains unchaged). (After + a noun phrase, S + V)

- By dint of rigorous training and sacrifice personal happiness, singers can reach the top career and deserve high salaries. (By dint of + noun phrase, S + can + V + N + and V + N)

- As a result of research for many years and fighting against backwark thinking, promoters/(pioneers) can protect their crazy ideas. 

How to Make Stress Your Friend? - Kelly McGonigal (P3)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcGyVTAoXEU

And this is one of the reasons that ... stress ... . It's not really healthy to be in this state all the time. But in this study, when participants view the stress response as helpful, the blood vessels stay relax like this. Their heart also pouding, but this is the much healthier ... . It actually look a lot like what happens in moment of joys and courages. Over a lifetime of stress for experiences, this one biological change could be the different between a stress-induced heart attack in age fifty and living well into your ninetys. And this is the really what the new science of stress reviews, but how you think about stress matters. So my goal as a health psychology had changed. I no longer want to get rid of you stress. I want to make you better at stress. And we just little intervention. If you raised your hand and said you had a lot stress in the last year. We could save your life, because hopefully the next time your heart is pounding from stress, you are going to remember this talk and you're gonna think to yourself. This is my body is helping me rise to this challenge. And when you view stress in that way your body believes you, and your stress response becomes healthier. Now, I said, I had over a decade of demonizing stress to redeem myself from, so we're gonna do one more intervention. I want to tell you about one of the most under-appreciated aspect of the stress response, and the idea is this: stress makes you social. To understand the side of stress, we need to talk about a hormone, oxytocin, and I know oxytocin had already gotten as much ... as a hormone can get.

Du lịch Hội An

1. Phương tiện di chuyển: Do Hội An không có ga tàu – bến xe nên mọi việc di chuyển bằng tàu hỏa – xe đò đều phải tập trung ở Đà Nẵng. Và chạy thêm khoảng 30km từ Đà Nẵng để đến Hội An. Nếu bạn có ý định đi từ Hà Nội vào Đà Nẵng bằng tàu hỏa có thể tham khảo bảng giá tàu hỏa sau đây: Bảng giá và giờ tàu đi và đến Ga Đà Nẵng

Từ Thành phố Đà Nẵng đi về Hội An có hai hướng. Một là đi theo quốc lộ 1 về phía Nam khoảng 27km đến đường Vĩnh Điện rồi rẽ trái thêm 10km. Vào Hội An theo đường Huỳnh Thúc Kháng có thể ghé thăm Tháp Chàm Bằng Anh ở Vĩnh Điện. Con đường thứ hai gần hơn, vắng hơn, đi từ Trung Tâm Đà Nẵng qua cầu sông Hàn, vào tỉnh lộ Đà Nẵng – Hội An, ghé thăm Ngũ Hành Sơn, đến Hội An khoảng 30km.

Các bạn có thể bắt xe buýt đi từ bến xe Đà Nẵng về Hội An. Cứ 30 phút có 1 chuyến xe buýt, bắt đầu từ 5 hay 6 giờ sáng gì đó đến 5h chiều, xe buýt đi Hội An, đi ngang qua Khu Du Lịch Ngũ Hành Sơn, nên bạn có thể ghé vào chơi ở đây, sau đó quay lại trạm xe buýt tiếp tục đi Hội An, cách nhau khoảng 100m hoặc ít hơn. Chú ý là bạn phải vẫy xe nhé vì điểm nào có khách vẫy thì xe sẽ dừng. Ngoài xe bus bạn có thể thuê xe máy tại Đà Nẵng rồi đi dọc bờ biển đến Hội An (cảnh rất đẹp).

Những ngôi nhà cổ ở đường Bạch Đằng ven sông Hoài

How to make stress your friend? Kelly McGonigal (P2)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcGyVTAoXEU

You can see why this study freaked me out. Here I've been spending so much energy telling people stress is bad for your health. So this study got me wondering: Can changing how you think about stress make you healthier? And here the science says yes. When you change your mind about stress, you can change your body's response to stress. Now to explain how this works. I want you all pretend that you are participants in a study designed to stress you out. It's called the social stress test. You come into the laboratory, and you're told you have to give a five minutes impromptu speech on your personal weaknesses to a panel of expert evaluators sitting right in front of you, and to make sure you feel pressure, they are bright lights and a camera in your face, kind of like this. And the evaluators have been trained to give you discouraging, non-verbal feedback, like this. 

Now that you're sufficiently demoralized, time for part two: a maths test. And unbeknownst to you, the experimenter has been trained to harass you during it. 

Now, we're going to all do this together. It's gonna be fun. For me. Okay. I want you all to count backwards from nine hundred and ninety six in increments of seven. You're going to do this out loud as fast as you can, starting with 996. Go! Go faster! Faster please! You're going too slow. Stop! Stop! Stop! That guy made a mistake. We are going to have to start all over again. You're not very good at this, are you? 

Okay, so you get the idea. Now, if you were actually in this study, you'd probably be a little stressed out. Your heart might be pounding, you might be breathing faster, may be breaking out into a sweat. And normally, we interpret these physical changes as anxiety or signs that we aren't coping very well with the pressure. But what if you viewed them instead as signs that your body was energized, was preparing you to meet this challenge? Now that is exactly what participants were told in a study conducted at Havard University. 

Before they went through the social stress test, they were taught to rethink their stress response as helpful. That pounding heart is preparing you for action. If you're breathing faster, it's no problem. It's getting more oxygen to your brain. And participants who learned to view the stress response as helpful for their performance, they were less stressed out, less anxious, more confident. But the most fascinating finding to me was how their physical stress response changed. Now, in a typical stress response, your heart rate goes up, and your blood vessels constrict like this.       

How to Make Stress Your Friend? - Kelly McGonigal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcGyVTAoXEU

I have a confession to make. But first, I want you to make a little confession to me. In the past year, I want you to just raise your hand, if you've experienced relatively little stress. Anyone? How about a moderate amount of stress? Who has experienced a lot of stress? Yeah. Me too. But that is not my confession. My confession is this: I am a health psychologist, and my mission is to help people be happier and healthier. But I fear that something I've been teaching for the last 10 years is doing more harm than good, and it has to do with stress. 

For years, I've been telling people, stress makes you sick. It increases the risk of everything from the common cold to cardiovascular disease. Basically, I've turned stress into the enemy. But I have changed my mind about stress, and today, I want to change yours. 

Let me start with the study that made me rethink my whole approach to stress. This study tracked thirty thousand adults in the United States for 8 years, and they started by asking people, "How much stress have you experienced in the last year?". They also asked, "Do you believe that stress is harmful for your health?" And then they used puplic death records to find out who died. Okay. Some bad news first. People who experienced a lot of stress in the previous year had a forty three percent increased risk of dying. But that was only true for the people who also believed that stress is harmful for your health. People who experienced a lot of stress but did not view stress as harmful were no more likely to die. In fact, they had the lowest risk of dying of anyone in the study, including people who had relative little stress. Now the researchers estimated that over the 8 years they were tracking deaths, one hundred and eighty two thousand Americans died prematurely, not from stress, but from the belief that stress is bad for you. That is over twenty thousand deaths a year. Now, if that estimate is correct, that would make believing stress is bad for you the 15th largest cause of death in the United States last year, killing more people than skin cancer, HIV/AISD and homicide.       

- relatively (adv): khá, tương đối
- moderate (adj): vừa phải, phải chăng, có mức độ
- cardiovascular (adj) /ˌkɑːrdioʊˈvæskjələr/: thuộc, liên quan tới tim và các mạch máu
- enemy (n) /ˈenəmi/: kẻ thù, kẻ địch, địch thủ; quân địch, tàu địch
- rethink (v) /ˌriːˈθɪŋk/: nghĩ lại 
- approach (n): cách tiếp cận 

- prematurely (adv) /priːməˈtʃʊrly/: sớm, yếu, non 

- belief (n) /bɪˈliːf/  lòng tin, đức tin; sự tin tưởng

How do nerves work? - Elliot Krane

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uU_4uA6-zcE

How do nerves work? Are nerves simply the wires in the body that conduct electricity, like the wires in the walls of your home or in your computer? This is an analogy often made, but the reality is that nerves have a much more complex job in the body. They are not just the wires but the cells that are the sensors, detectors of the external and internal world, the transducers that convert information to electrical impulses, the wires that transmit these impulses, the transistors that gate the information and turn up or down the volume, and finally, the activators that take that information and cause it to have an effect on other organs. 

Consider this. Your mother gently strokes your forearm and you react with pleasure. Or a spider crawls on your forearm, you startle and slap it off. Or you brush your forearm against a hot rack while removing a cake from the oven, and you immediately recoil. Light touch produced pleasure, fear, or pain. How can one kind of cell have so many functions? Nerves are in fact bundles of cells called neurons and each of these neurons is highly specialized to carry nerve impulses, their form of electricity, in response to only one kind of stimulus, and in only one direction. 

The nerve impulse starts with the a receptor, a specialized part of each nerve, where the electrical impulse begins. One nerve's receptor migh be a thermal receptor, designed only to respond to a rapid increase in temperature.

Another receptor type is attached to the hairs of the forearm, detecting movement of those hairs, such as when a spider crawls on your skin. 

Yet another kind of neuron is Low-Threshold mechanoreceptor, activated by light touch. Each of these neurons then carry their specific information: pain, warning, pleasure. And that information is projected to specific areas of the brain and that is the electrical impulse. 

The inside of a nerve is a fluid that is very rich in the ion potassium. It is 20 times higher than in the fluid outside the nerve while that outside fluid has 10 times more sodium than the inside of a nerve. This imbalance between sodium outside and potassium inside the cell results in the inside of a nerve having a negative electrical charge, relative to the outside of the nerve, about equal to minor 70 or minor 80 miliVolts. This is called the nerve's resting potential. But in response to that stimulus the nerve is designed to detect, pores in the cell wall near the receptor of the cell open. These pores are specialized protein channels that are designed to let sodium rush into the nerve. 

analogy (n): sự tương tự, sự giống nhau